| VEDECKÝ ČASOPIS O DEJINÁCH SLOVENSKA A
STREDNEJ EURÓPY
VYDÁVA HISTORICKÝ ÚSTAV SLOVENSKEJ AKADÉMIE VIED, V. V. I.
ISSN 0018-2575 (print)
ISSN 2585-9099 (online)
EV 3084/09
 Všetky obsahy sú čitateľom voľne dostupné podľa licencie Creative Commons CC BY 4.0.
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VÝZVY
HRIC, Pavol
Zákon na ochranu ľudovodemokratickej republiky z
roku 1948 a trestný zákon z roku 1950 v rozsudkoch proti roľníkom vo
východoslovenských okresných súdoch (1950 – 1959)
The Act on the Protection of the People’s Democratic Republic of 1948 and the
Criminal Code of 1950 in Verdicts Against Peasants by Eastern Slovak District
Courts (1950–1959)
Historický časopis, 2025, 73, 4, pp. 839-862, Bratislava
Abstract: The study analyses the application of Act No. 231/1948 Coll. on
the Protection of the People’s Democratic Republic and the Criminal Code No.
86/1950 Coll. in the judicial practice of district courts in eastern Slovakia.
It examines how these legal norms were used in prosecuting peasants and how,
during collectivization, they were transformed into instruments of state
economic and ideological policy. The analysis is based on selected court files
and focuses on specific mechanisms of legal application – particularly the use
of undefined terms such as kulak or “village rich man,” the variability of
sentences in comparable cases, and the merging of constituent elements of crimes
with aggravating circumstances. The research shows that labelling a peasant as a
kulak became an indirect qualifying factor used to demonstrate intentional
culpability, despite lacking legal definition. Legal norms were thus applied
extensively, and their interpretation was subordinated to political objectives,
as reflected in differing judgements of similar cases. The study also highlights
variations in decision-making influenced by an individual’s willingness to
cooperate with state authorities and by informal patronage networks. The
publication of court rulings simultaneously fulfilled the educational function
of the Criminal Code, aimed at reinforcing citizens’ loyalty to the socialist
state. This legal-historical inquiry thus contributes to understanding how legal
norms during collectivization became tools for enforcing economic discipline and
persecuting peasants, revealing the tension between law, local political power,
and judicial practice.
Keywords: collectivization, peasants, village rich peasant, sentencing,
judicial practice, communist regime, Eastern Slovakia, 1950s, legal persecution,
sabotage.
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31577/histcaso.2025.73.4.9
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